Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential metabolite involved in various cellular processes. The cellular NAD+ pool is maintained by three biosynthesis pathways, which are largely conserved from bacteria to human. NAD+ metabolism is an emerging therapeutic target for several human disorders including diabetes, cancer, and neuron degeneration. Factors regulating NAD+ homeostasis have remained incompletely understood due to the dynamic nature and complexity of NAD+ metabolism. Recent studies using the genetically tractable budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have identified novel NAD+ homeostasis factors. These findings help provide a molecular basis for how may NAD+ and NAD+ homeostasis factors contribute to the maintenance and regulation of cellular function. Here we summarize major NAD+ biosynthesis pathways, selected cellular processes that closely connect with and contribute to NAD+ homeostasis, and regulation of NAD+ metabolism by nutrient-sensing signaling pathways. We also extend the discussions to include possible implications of NAD+ homeostasis factors in human disorders. Understanding the cross-regulation and interconnections of NAD+ precursors and associated cellular pathways will help elucidate the mechanisms of the complex regulation of NAD+ homeostasis. These studies may also contribute to the development of effective NAD+-based therapeutic strategies specific for different types of NAD+ deficiency related disorders.
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene/Complex | Systematic Name/Complex Accession | Qualifier | Gene Ontology Term ID | Gene Ontology Term | Aspect | Annotation Extension | Evidence | Method | Source | Assigned On | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene | Gene Systematic Name | Phenotype | Experiment Type | Experiment Type Category | Mutant Information | Strain Background | Chemical | Details | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene | Gene Systematic Name | Disease Ontology Term | Disease Ontology Term ID | Qualifier | Evidence | Method | Source | Assigned On | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Regulator | Regulator Systematic Name | Target | Target Systematic Name | Direction | Regulation of | Happens During | Regulator Type | Direction | Regulation Of | Happens During | Method | Evidence | Strain Background | Reference |
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| Site | Modification | Modifier | Source | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Allele | Assay | Annotation | Action | Phenotype | SGA score | P-value | Source | Reference | Note |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Assay | Annotation | Action | Modification | Source | Reference | Note |
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| Complement ID | Locus ID | Gene | Species | Gene ID | Strain background | Direction | Details | Source | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Dataset | Description | Keywords | Number of Conditions | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | File | Description |
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