The target of rapamycin complex 2 (TORC2) was discovered in 2002 in budding yeast. Its mammalian counterpart, mTORC2, was first described in 2004. Soon thereafter it was demonstrated that mTORC2 directly phosphorylates Akt on Ser473, ending a long search for the elusive 'second' insulin-responsive Akt kinase. In this review we discuss key evidence pertaining to the subcellular localization of mTORC2, highlighting a spatial heterogeneity that relates to mTORC2 activation. We summarize current models for how growth factors (GFs), such as insulin, trigger mTORC2 activation, and we provide a comprehensive discussion focusing on a new exciting frontier, the molecular mechanisms underpinning GF-independent activation of mTORC2.

• PMID: 31699566
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Reference Type

Journal Article | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | Review

Authors

Knudsen JR, Fritzen AM, James DE, Jensen TE, Kleinert M, Richter EA

Primary Lit For

TORC2 complex

Additional Lit For

Review For

TOR2 | TSC11 | BIT61 | AVO2 | AVO1 | LST8