Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle), a medicinal plant possessing high pharmacological attributes, is widely recognized for the biosynthesis of anticancer monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs) - vinblastine and vincristine. The plant is known to biosynthesize more than 130 different bioactive MIAs, highly acclaimed in traditional and modern medicinal therapies. The MIA biosynthesis is strictly regulated at developmental and spatial-temporal stages and requires a well-defined cellular and sub-cellular compartmentation for completion of the entire MIAs biosynthesis. However, due to their cytotoxic nature, the production of vinblastine and vincristine occurs in low concentrations in planta and the absence of chemical synthesis alternatives projects a huge gap in demand and supply, leading to high market price. With research investigations spanning more than four decades, plant tissue culture and metabolic engineering (ME)-based studies were attempted to explore, understand, explain, improve and enhance the MIA biosynthesis using homologous and heterologous systems. Presently, metabolic engineering and synthetic biology are the two powerful tools that are contributing majorly in elucidating MIA biosynthesis. This review concentrates mainly on the efforts made through metabolic engineering of MIAs in heterologous microbial factories. KEY POINTS: • Yeast engineering provides alternative production source of phytomolecules • Yeast engineering also helps to discover missing plant pathway enzymes and genes.
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene/Complex | Systematic Name/Complex Accession | Qualifier | Gene Ontology Term ID | Gene Ontology Term | Aspect | Annotation Extension | Evidence | Method | Source | Assigned On | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene | Gene Systematic Name | Phenotype | Experiment Type | Experiment Type Category | Mutant Information | Strain Background | Chemical | Details | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene | Gene Systematic Name | Disease Ontology Term | Disease Ontology Term ID | Qualifier | Evidence | Method | Source | Assigned On | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Regulator | Regulator Systematic Name | Target | Target Systematic Name | Direction | Regulation of | Happens During | Regulator Type | Direction | Regulation Of | Happens During | Method | Evidence | Strain Background | Reference |
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| Site | Modification | Modifier | Source | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Allele | Assay | Annotation | Action | Phenotype | SGA score | P-value | Source | Reference | Note |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Assay | Annotation | Action | Modification | Source | Reference | Note |
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| Complement ID | Locus ID | Gene | Species | Gene ID | Strain background | Direction | Details | Source | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Dataset | Description | Keywords | Number of Conditions | Reference |
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