Combination of molecular genetic analysis (karyotyping, PCR-RFLP of MET2, the ITS1-ITS2 region and the NTS region) and physiological examination (melibiose and mannitol utilization, sugar-, ethanol- and copper tolerance, killer activity, fermentation vigor and production of metabolites) of yeasts isolated from spontaneously fermenting wines in four wine regions revealed very high diversity in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae populations. Practically each S. cerevisiae isolate showed a unique pattern of properties. Although the strains originating from the same wine were quite similar in certain traits, they showed diversity in other properties. These results indicate that alcoholic fermentation in grape wines is performed by highly diverse yeast consortia rather than by one or two dominating strains. The less frequent Saccharomyces uvarum strains were less diverse, showed lower karyotype variability, were Mel(+), Man(+), more sensitive to 60% sugar, and ethanol or copper in the medium. They produced less acetic acid and fermented better at 14 degrees C than most of the S. cerevisiae isolates, but certain S. cerevisiae strains showed comparably high fermentation rates at this temperature, indicating that it is not a general rule that S. uvarum ferments better than S. cerevisiae at low temperatures. The segregation of certain traits (melibiose utilization, mannitol utilization and copper resistance) in both species indicates that the genomes can easily change during vegetative propagation. The higher diversity among the S. cerevisiae isolates suggests that the S. cerevisiae genome may be more flexible than the S. uvarum genome and may allow more efficient adaptation to the continuously changing environment in the fermenting wine.
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Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene/Complex | Systematic Name/Complex Accession | Qualifier | Gene Ontology Term ID | Gene Ontology Term | Aspect | Annotation Extension | Evidence | Method | Source | Assigned On | Reference |
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Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene | Gene Systematic Name | Phenotype | Experiment Type | Experiment Type Category | Mutant Information | Strain Background | Chemical | Details | Reference |
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Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene | Gene Systematic Name | Disease Ontology Term | Disease Ontology Term ID | Qualifier | Evidence | Method | Source | Assigned On | Reference |
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Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Regulator | Regulator Systematic Name | Target | Target Systematic Name | Direction | Regulation of | Happens During | Regulator Type | Direction | Regulation Of | Happens During | Method | Evidence | Strain Background | Reference |
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Site | Modification | Modifier | Source | Reference |
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Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Allele | Assay | Annotation | Action | Phenotype | SGA score | P-value | Source | Reference | Note |
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Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Assay | Annotation | Action | Modification | Source | Reference | Note |
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Complement ID | Locus ID | Gene | Species | Gene ID | Strain background | Direction | Details | Source | Reference |
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Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Dataset | Description | Keywords | Number of Conditions | Reference |
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