The homeodomain proteins, a1 and alpha 2, act cooperatively to regulate cell-type specific genes in yeast. The basis of this cooperativity is an interaction between the two proteins, forming a heterodimer that binds DNA tightly and specifically. A fragment containing the homeodomain of a1, a1(66-126), has been studied by NMR spectroscopy to gain secondary structure information and to characterize the changes in a1 upon heterodimerization with alpha 2. Heteronuclear (1H-15N) NMR methods were used to assign backbone resonances of the 61 amino acid fragment. The a1(66-126) secondary structure was determined using NOE connectivities, 3JHN alpha coupling constants and hydrogen exchange kinetic data. NMR data identify three helical segments separated by a loop and a tight turn that are the characteristic structural elements of homeodomain proteins. The a1 fragment was titrated with alpha 2(128-210), the homeodomain-containing fragment of alpha 2, to study changes in a1(66-126) spectra produced by alpha 2 binding. The a1(66-126) protein was labeled with 15N and selectively observed using isotope-edited NMR experiments. NMR spectra of bound a1(66-126) indicate that residues in helix 1, helix 2, and the loop connecting them are directly involved in the binding of the alpha 2 fragment. Relatively minor effects on the resonances from residues in helix 3, the putative DNA-binding helix, were noted upon alpha 2 binding. We have thus located a region of the a1 homeodomain important for specific protein recognition.
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Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene/Complex | Systematic Name/Complex Accession | Qualifier | Gene Ontology Term ID | Gene Ontology Term | Aspect | Annotation Extension | Evidence | Method | Source | Assigned On | Reference |
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Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene | Gene Systematic Name | Phenotype | Experiment Type | Experiment Type Category | Mutant Information | Strain Background | Chemical | Details | Reference |
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Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene | Gene Systematic Name | Disease Ontology Term | Disease Ontology Term ID | Qualifier | Evidence | Method | Source | Assigned On | Reference |
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Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Regulator | Regulator Systematic Name | Target | Target Systematic Name | Direction | Regulation of | Happens During | Regulator Type | Direction | Regulation Of | Happens During | Method | Evidence | Strain Background | Reference |
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Site | Modification | Modifier | Source | Reference |
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Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Allele | Assay | Annotation | Action | Phenotype | SGA score | P-value | Source | Reference | Note |
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Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Assay | Annotation | Action | Modification | Source | Reference | Note |
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Complement ID | Locus ID | Gene | Species | Gene ID | Strain background | Direction | Details | Source | Reference |
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Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Dataset | Description | Keywords | Number of Conditions | Reference |
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