Metabolism, the set of all chemical transformations inside a living cell, comprises nonenzymatic processes that generate toxic products such as reactive oxygen species and 2-oxoaldehydes. Methylglyoxal, a highly reactive 2-oxoaldehyde by-product of glycolysis, is able to react irreversibly and nonenzymatically with proteins, forming methylglyoxal advanced glycation end-products, which alter protein structure, stability and function. Therefore, protein glycation may influence cell metabolism and its physiology in a way beyond what can be predicted based on the implicit codification used in systems biology. Genome-wide approaches and transcriptomics, two mainstays of systems biology, are powerless to tackle the problems caused by nonenzymatic reactions that are part of cell metabolism and biochemistry. The effects of methylglyoxal-derived protein glycation and the cell's response to this unspecific posttranslational modification were investigated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism. Specific protein glycation phenotypes were identified using yeast null-mutants for methylglyoxal catabolism and the existence of specific protein glycation targets by peptide mass fingerprint was discovered. Enolase, the major target, endures a glycation-dependent activity loss caused by dissociation of the active dimer upon glycation at a specific arginine residue, identified using the hidden information of peptide mass fingerprint. Once glycation occurs, a cellular response involving heat shock proteins from the refolding chaperone pathway is elicited and Hsp26p is activated by glycation.
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Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene/Complex | Systematic Name/Complex Accession | Qualifier | Gene Ontology Term ID | Gene Ontology Term | Aspect | Annotation Extension | Evidence | Method | Source | Assigned On | Reference |
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Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene | Gene Systematic Name | Phenotype | Experiment Type | Experiment Type Category | Mutant Information | Strain Background | Chemical | Details | Reference |
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Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene | Gene Systematic Name | Disease Ontology Term | Disease Ontology Term ID | Qualifier | Evidence | Method | Source | Assigned On | Reference |
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Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Regulator | Regulator Systematic Name | Target | Target Systematic Name | Direction | Regulation of | Happens During | Regulator Type | Direction | Regulation Of | Happens During | Method | Evidence | Strain Background | Reference |
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Site | Modification | Modifier | Source | Reference |
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Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Allele | Assay | Annotation | Action | Phenotype | SGA score | P-value | Source | Reference | Note |
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Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Assay | Annotation | Action | Modification | Source | Reference | Note |
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Complement ID | Locus ID | Gene | Species | Gene ID | Strain background | Direction | Details | Source | Reference |
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Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Dataset | Description | Keywords | Number of Conditions | Reference |
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