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ATG15/YCR068W Single Page Format

This page provides an alternative format to the SGD Locus Summary Page. Note that additional information may be available on or linked from the standard format SGD Locus Summary page.

Contents

Names and Identifiers GO Annotations Pathways Summary Paragraph Mutant Phenotypes Interactions Homologs Protein Info (physical properties, transcript info) PDB Homologs (protein structure info) Motifs Genome-wide Expression (and other large-scale analyses) Locus History (misc. notes) Sequence Retrieval and Analysis Map and Displays Localization Community Annotation Literature Guide

Sequence Coordinates   ChrIII: 237210 to 238772 CDS: 237210 - 238772 Click on map for expanded view SGD ORF map GBrowse

SGD Locus Page

Names and Identifiers [TOP] [NEXT]
Standard Name	Systematic Name	Alias	Feature Type	SGDID
ATG15	YCR068W	AUT5, CVT17	ORF, Verified	S000000664
Description
Lipase required for intravacuolar lysis of autophagic bodies and Cvt bodies; targeted to intravacuolar vesicles during autophagy via the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway

GO Annotations [TOP] [NEXT]
Molecular Function Annotation(s) Reference(s) Evidence Assigned By hydrolase activity GOA curators (2000) Gene Ontology annotation based on Swiss-Prot keyword mapping.      IEA : Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:KW-0378 Assigned on 2007-05-23 UniProtKB lipase activity Teter SA, et al. (2001) Degradation of lipid vesicles in the yeast vacuole requires function of Cvt17, a putative lipase. J Biol Chem 276(3):2083-7        ISM : Inferred from Sequence Model with Prosite:PS00120 Assigned on 2008-06-03 SGD triglyceride lipase activity DDB, et al. (2001) Gene Ontology annotation through association of InterPro records with GO terms.      IEA : Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:IPR002921 Assigned on 2007-05-23 UniProtKB GOA curators and MGI curators (2001) Gene Ontology annotation based on Enzyme Commission mapping.      IEA : Inferred from Electronic Annotation with IUBMB:3.1.1.3 Assigned on 2007-05-23 UniProtKB
Biological Process Annotation(s) Reference(s) Evidence Assigned By autophagy Teter SA, et al. (2001) Degradation of lipid vesicles in the yeast vacuole requires function of Cvt17, a putative lipase. J Biol Chem 276(3):2083-7        IDA : Inferred from Direct Assay IMP : Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2001-10-23 SGD Epple UD, et al. (2001) Aut5/Cvt17p, a putative lipase essential for disintegration of autophagic bodies inside the vacuole. J Bacteriol 183(20):5942-55        IDA : Inferred from Direct Assay IMP : Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2001-10-23 SGD GOA curators (2000) Gene Ontology annotation based on Swiss-Prot keyword mapping.      IEA : Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:KW-0072 Assigned on 2007-05-23 UniProtKB lipid catabolic process GOA curators (2000) Gene Ontology annotation based on Swiss-Prot keyword mapping.      IEA : Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:KW-0442 Assigned on 2007-05-23 UniProtKB lipid metabolic process DDB, et al. (2001) Gene Ontology annotation through association of InterPro records with GO terms.      IEA : Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:IPR002921 Assigned on 2009-10-01 UniProtKB membrane disassembly Teter SA, et al. (2001) Degradation of lipid vesicles in the yeast vacuole requires function of Cvt17, a putative lipase. J Biol Chem 276(3):2083-7        IDA : Inferred from Direct Assay IMP : Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2001-11-14 SGD Epple UD, et al. (2003) Intravacuolar membrane lysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Does vacuolar targeting of Cvt17/Aut5p affect its function? J Biol Chem 278(10):7810-21        IDA : Inferred from Direct Assay Assigned on 2004-07-27 UniProtKB multivesicular body membrane disassembly Epple UD, et al. (2003) Intravacuolar membrane lysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Does vacuolar targeting of Cvt17/Aut5p affect its function? J Biol Chem 278(10):7810-21        IMP : Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2008-06-05 SGD piecemeal microautophagy of nucleus Krick R, et al. (2008) Piecemeal microautophagy of the nucleus requires the core macroautophagy genes. Mol Biol Cell 19(10):4492-505        IMP : Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2008-08-28 SGD vacuolar protein processing Teter SA, et al. (2001) Degradation of lipid vesicles in the yeast vacuole requires function of Cvt17, a putative lipase. J Biol Chem 276(3):2083-7        IMP : Inferred from Mutant Phenotype IDA : Inferred from Direct Assay Assigned on 2001-10-25 SGD
Cellular Component Annotation(s) Reference(s) Evidence Assigned By Golgi apparatus GOA curators (2000) Gene Ontology annotation based on Swiss-Prot keyword mapping.      IEA : Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:KW-0333 Assigned on 2008-02-14 UniProtKB endoplasmic reticulum GOA curators (2000) Gene Ontology annotation based on Swiss-Prot keyword mapping.      IEA : Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:KW-0256 Assigned on 2007-05-23 UniProtKB endosome GOA curators (2000) Gene Ontology annotation based on Swiss-Prot keyword mapping.      IEA : Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:KW-0967 Assigned on 2009-06-29 UniProtKB integral to membrane Teter SA, et al. (2001) Degradation of lipid vesicles in the yeast vacuole requires function of Cvt17, a putative lipase. J Biol Chem 276(3):2083-7        ISS : Inferred from Sequence or structural Similarity IPI : Inferred from Physical Interaction Assigned on 2001-10-23 SGD Epple UD, et al. (2003) Intravacuolar membrane lysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Does vacuolar targeting of Cvt17/Aut5p affect its function? J Biol Chem 278(10):7810-21        IDA : Inferred from Direct Assay Assigned on 2007-01-19 UniProtKB GOA curators (2000) Gene Ontology annotation based on Swiss-Prot keyword mapping.      IEA : Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:KW-0812 Assigned on 2007-05-23 UniProtKB GOA curators and UniProt curators (2007) Gene Ontology annotation based on Swiss-Prot Subcellular Location vocabulary mapping.      IEA : Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:SL-9906 Assigned on 2009-10-01 UniProtKB membrane GOA curators (2000) Gene Ontology annotation based on Swiss-Prot keyword mapping.      IEA : Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:KW-0472 Assigned on 2007-05-23 UniProtKB vacuolar lumen Epple UD, et al. (2001) Aut5/Cvt17p, a putative lipase essential for disintegration of autophagic bodies inside the vacuole. J Bacteriol 183(20):5942-55        IDA : Inferred from Direct Assay Assigned on 2001-10-23 SGD

Pathways [TOP] [NEXT]
No pathways available

Summary Paragraph [TOP] [NEXT]

SUMMARY PARAGRAPH for ATG15/YCR068W for ATG15 about autophagy Autophagy is a highly conserved eukaryotic pathway for sequestering and transporting bulk cytoplasm, including proteins and organelle material, to the lysosome for degradation (reviewed in 1). Upon starvation for nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and various amino acids, or upon endoplasmic reticulum stress, cells initiate formation of a double-membrane vesicle, termed an autophagosome, that mediates this process (2, 3, reviewed in 4). Approximately 30 autophagy-related (Atg) proteins have been identified in S. cerevisiae, 17 of which are essential for formation of the autophagosome (reviewed in 5). Null mutations in most of these genes prevent induction of autophagy, and cells do not survive nutrient starvation; however, these mutants are viable in rich medium. Some of the Atg proteins are also involved in a constitutive biosynthetic process termed the cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway, which uses autophagosomal-like vesicles for selective transport of hydrolases aminopeptidase I (Lap4p) and alpha-mannosidase (Ams1p) to the vacuole (6, 7). Autophagy proceeds via a multistep pathway (a summary diagram (download pdf) kindly provided by Dan Klionsky). First, nutrient availability is sensed by the TORC1 complex and also cooperatively by protein kinase A and Sch9p (8, 9). Second, signals generated by the sensors are transmitted to the autophagosome-generating machinery comprised of the 17 Atg gene products. These 17 proteins collectively form the pre-autophagosomal structure/phagophore assembly site (PAS). The PAS generates an isolation membrane (IM), which expands and eventually fuses along the edges to complete autophagosome formation. At the vacuole the outer membrane of the autophagosome fuses with the vacuolar membrane and autophagic bodies are released, disintegrated, and their contents degraded for reuse in biosynthesis (10 and reviewed in 5). about the Cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway Cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) is a constitutive and specific form of autophagy that uses autophagosomal-like vesicles for selective transport of hydrolases aminopeptidase I (Lap4p) and alpha-mannosidase (Ams1p) to the vacuole (6, 7). Unlike autophagy, which is primarily a catabolic process, Cvt is a biosynthetic process. Like autophagosomes, Cvt vesicles form at a structure known as the phagophore assembly site (PAS) (also called the pre-autophagosomal structure). The PAS structure generates an isolation membrane (IM), which expands and eventually fuses along the edges to complete vesicle formation. At the vacuole, the outer membrane of the Cvt vesicle fuses with the vacuolar membrane, the vesicle is degraded, and the cargos are released and processed into their mature forms by vacuolar peptidases (reviewed in 11). The Cvt pathway has not been observed outside of yeast, and enzymes specifically involved in this pathway are not well conserved in other organisms (12 and references therein). about ATG15 ATG15 encodes a transmembrane protein that is required for one of the final stages of autophagy, the degradation of the autophagic vesicle in the vacuole (6, and reviewed in 13). Atg15p is a glycosylated protein containing a functional domain that is conserved among lipases and esterases (14). Atg15p is transported from the ER to the vacuole via the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway and is eventually degraded by vacuolar proteinase A (Pep4p) (15). atg15 mutants fail to degrade autophagic, Cvt, and intravacuolar MVB vesicles, show a decrease in their total protein turnover rate, and are defective in sporulation (6, 16, 15, 17). ATG15 homologs have been identified in all yeast species and filamentous fungi studied to date, but no ATG15 ortholog has yet been identified in higher eukaryotes (12). about autophagy nomenclature The initial identification of factors involved in autophagy was carried out by several independent labs, which led to a proliferation of nomenclature for the genes and gene products involved. The differing gene name acronyms from these groups included APG, AUT, CVT, GSA, PAG, PAZ, and PDD (18 and references therein). A concerted effort was made in 2003 by the scientists working in the field to unify the nomenclature for these genes, and "AuTophaGy-related" genes are now denoted by the letters ATG (18). In addition to the ATG gene names that have been assigned to S. cerevisiae proteins and their orthologs, several ATG gene names, including ATG25, ATG28, and ATG30, have been used to designate proteins in other ascomycete yeast species for which there is no identifiable equivalent in S. cerevisiae (12, 19). Last Updated: 2008-04-25

Basic References [TOP]

BASIC INFORMATION REFERENCES forATG15/YCR068W for ATG15 1) Budovskaya YV, et al. (2004) The Ras/cAMP-dependent protein kinase signaling pathway regulates an early step of the autophagy process in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 279(20):20663-71          2) Takeshige K, et al. (1992) Autophagy in yeast demonstrated with proteinase-deficient mutants and conditions for its induction. J Cell Biol 119(2):301-11      3) Matsuura A, et al. (1997) Apg1p, a novel protein kinase required for the autophagic process in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gene 192(2):245-50        4) Yorimitsu T and Klionsky DJ (2007) Endoplasmic reticulum stress: a new pathway to induce autophagy. Autophagy 3(2):160-2        5) Suzuki K and Ohsumi Y (2007) Molecular machinery of autophagosome formation in yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 581(11):2156-61          6) Harding TM, et al. (1996) Genetic and phenotypic overlap between autophagy and the cytoplasm to vacuole protein targeting pathway. J Biol Chem 271(30):17621-4        7) Yorimitsu T and Klionsky DJ (2005) Atg11 links cargo to the vesicle-forming machinery in the cytoplasm to vacuole targeting pathway. Mol Biol Cell 16(4):1593-605          8) Yorimitsu T, et al. (2007) Protein Kinase A and Sch9 Cooperatively Regulate Induction of Autophagy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell 18(10):4180-9        9) Noda T and Ohsumi Y (1998) Tor, a phosphatidylinositol kinase homologue, controls autophagy in yeast. J Biol Chem 273(7):3963-6        10) Suzuki K, et al. (2001) The pre-autophagosomal structure organized by concerted functions of APG genes is essential for autophagosome formation. EMBO J 20(21):5971-81        11) Kim J and Klionsky DJ (2000) Autophagy, cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting pathway, and pexophagy in yeast and mammalian cells. Annu Rev Biochem 69:303-42        12) Meijer WH, et al. (2007) ATG genes involved in non-selective autophagy are conserved from yeast to man, but the selective Cvt and pexophagy pathways also require organism-specific genes. Autophagy 3(2):106-16        13) Yorimitsu T and Klionsky DJ (2005) Autophagy: molecular machinery for self-eating. Cell Death Differ 12 Suppl 2():1542-52        14) Teter SA, et al. (2001) Degradation of lipid vesicles in the yeast vacuole requires function of Cvt17, a putative lipase. J Biol Chem 276(3):2083-7        15) Epple UD, et al. (2001) Aut5/Cvt17p, a putative lipase essential for disintegration of autophagic bodies inside the vacuole. J Bacteriol 183(20):5942-55        16) Epple UD, et al. (2003) Intravacuolar membrane lysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Does vacuolar targeting of Cvt17/Aut5p affect its function? J Biol Chem 278(10):7810-21        17) Enyenihi AH and Saunders WS (2003) Large-scale functional genomic analysis of sporulation and meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 163(1):47-54            18) Klionsky DJ, et al. (2003) A unified nomenclature for yeast autophagy-related genes. Dev Cell 5(4):539-45      19) Farre JC, et al. (2008) PpAtg30 tags peroxisomes for turnover by selective autophagy. Dev Cell 14(3):365-76

Mutant Phenotypes [TOP] [NEXT]
Phenotype page for ATG15/YCR068W

Interactions: genetic, physical, and other gene-gene links. [TOP] [NEXT]
Interaction page for ATG15/YCR068W

Homologs [TOP] [NEXT]
Comparison Resources PSI-BLAST Results Ashbya Homologs (AGD) BLASTN vs. fungi BLASTP at NCBI BLASTP vs. fungi Candida Homologs (CGD) Candida Homologs (CandidaDB) Fungal Alignment Fungal Orthogroups Repository Ortholog Search (P-POD) PhylomeDB Synteny Viewer Yeast Gene Order Browser (YGOB) eukarYotic OrtholoGY (YOGY)

Physical Properties and Transcript Information: predicted from sequence [TOP] [NEXT]

Protein Sequence Calculations from Predicted Full length Translation N-term MLHKSPS C-term FCTKYEL Length(aa) 520 MW(Da) 58,435 pI 5.33 Amino Acid Composition (full length) GCG tools: PepPlot, Helical Wheel, PepStruct Transcript Translation Calculations Codon Bias 0.092   Codon Adaptation Index 0.121   Frequency of Optimal Codons 0.455   Hydropathicity of Protein -0.306   Aromaticity Score 0.106

10 20 30 40 50 | | | | | MLHKSPSRKRFASPLHLGCILTLTVLCLIAYYFALPDYLSVGKSSSRGAM DQKSDGTFRLKSIYRHGVGANHRLHQRLEVTPEVISAAGMLYQETTTQGQ DFEDQEPLWTTNAEYATTNPFDFEFELRRMPLLMKRMKERDPEFIESYIY GETYMTEEEEHAMWIDDDIVAPNITDRGTVVSLALMSSNAYVRIPQTGDW RNVTEPWNETEPEDFGWDGDGIRGHVFYNEVENIVVLSIKGTSAQGLPGS GEDETTGNDKINDNLLFSCCCARVSYLWTTVCDCYVKSYICDESCLEKEL RRKDRFYSAVVDIYKGVLKEYPDAAIWVTGHSLGGALASLLGRTFGLPAV AFESPGELLPSKRLHLPFPPGLPSYMEGIWHFGHNADPIFMGTCNGASSS CSLVGYAMETACHTGRVCVYDVVNDKGWSVNMFNHRIHKVIDEVLLGYEQ AAKCVEPEPCVDCYNWKFIPSRDWESSSRLITKTKSHAAPTTTTRTTATT TSSSTCVGRNWLGFCTKYEL*

Protein Structures from PDB: proteins of known structure with sequence similarity to ATG15/YCR068W, based on Smith-Waterman analysis. [TOP] [NEXT]
No protein structure information available.

Genome-wide Expression and Other Large-Scale Analyses [TOP] [NEXT]
Functional Analysis Expression Connection Summary Cell cycle and metabolic oscillation Cell cycle transcript profile Cyclebase Genevestigator GermOnline SPELL Microarray Search YGAC Triples Yeast Microarray Global Viewer YeastFunc	You can also search multiple datasets simultaneously using Expression Connection for expression studies or Function Junction for other large scale analyses.

Locus History (misc. notes) [TOP] [NEXT]

Nomenclature History

Standard Name	Reference
ATG15	Klionsky DJ, et al. (2003) A unified nomenclature for yeast autophagy-related genes. Dev Cell 5(4):539-45

Alias Name(s)	Reference
AUT5	Epple UD, et al. (2001) Aut5/Cvt17p, a putative lipase essential for disintegration of autophagic bodies inside the vacuole. J Bacteriol 183(20):5942-55
CVT17	Teter SA, et al. (2001) Degradation of lipid vesicles in the yeast vacuole requires function of Cvt17, a putative lipase. J Biol Chem 276(3):2083-7

Nomenclature History Notes

Date	Note
2003-09-10	The standard gene name of ORF YCR068W was changed from CVT17 to ATG15, as part of the unified autophagy nomenclature agreed upon by the yeast research community. Sept. 10, 2003

Sequence Annotation Notes

Date	Note
2000-09-13	The systematic sequence was updated within ORF YCR068W. Due to the single nucleotide insertion and resulting frameshift, the annotated stop site of YCR068W was moved downstream, increasing the length of the coding region from 1290 nt to 1563 nt. This annotation change incorporates the area that some had originally referred to as YCR068W-A into YCR068W. ORF YCR068W-A was originally included in the annotation data collected by MIPS on behalf of the European Yeast Chromosome III Sequencing project (see GenBank accession X59720). However, YCR068W-A was never included in SGD as an independent ORF. Note that coordinates listed are chromosomal coordinates. Old: 236898 AATACCC-GATGCGGCCATATGGGTCACAGGCCACTCACTGGGAGGCGCATTGGCCAGTT 236956 ||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| New: 238164 AATACCCCGATGCGGCCATATGGGTCACAGGCCACTCACTGGGAGGCGCATTGGCCAGTT 238223
2000-09-13	The systematic sequence was updated in the region between ORFs YCR067C and YCR068W. Note that coordinates listed below are chromosomal coordinates. Old: 235399 AATCGTAAATACATAGGCTGGGC-ATATACACTAACATGTGTCGTGACCAATGTGCAGCA 235457 ||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| New: 236665 AATCGTAAATACATAGGCTGGGCCATATACACTAACATGTGTCGTGACCAATGTGCAGCA 236724 Old: 235458 GATAGACTTGCTCATTAAATATATTCCAGGTAGGATTCTCTAAGGGTTTTTTTTTTTTCT 235517 ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| || New: 236725 GATAGACTTGCTCATTAAATATATTCCAGGTAGGATTCTCTAAGGGTTTTTTTTTTT-CT 236783
1997-07-27	One single nucleotide insertion was made in Chromosome III downstream of ORF YCR068W to correct the systematic reference sequence: A single C was inserted after the G at chromosomal coordinate 237282. New: 237274 CTTGGATACCGAGCAGGCTGCCAAGTGCGTTGAACCAGAGCCCTGCGTAGATTGCTACAA 237333 ||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Old: 237274 CTTGGATAC-GAGCAGGCTGCCAAGTGCGTTGAACCAGAGCCCTGCGTAGATTGCTACAA 237332
1998-02-26	One single nucleotide deletion was made in the systematic sequence in the region downstream of ORF YCR068W. The C at chromosomal coordinate 237282 was removed. Note that while the coordinate may appear to be different, this change is the exact reciprocal of one made on 1997-07-27, returning the systematic sequence to its original state in this region. Old: 237272 CCTTGGATACCGAGCAGGCTGCCAAGTGCGTTGAACCAGAGCCCTGCGTAGATTGCTACA 237331 |||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| New: 237273 CCTTGGATAC-GAGCAGGCTGCCAAGTGCGTTGAACCAGAGCCCTGCGTAGATTGCTACA 237331

Sequence Retrieval [TOP] [NEXT]
Sequence Type	Output Format
Genomic DNA	GCG | FASTA | NoHeader
Genomic DNA with 1 kb up and downstream	GCG | FASTA | NoHeader
DNA coding sequence (without introns, without flanking regions)	GCG | FASTA | NoHeader
Protein Translation of ORF	GCG | FASTA | NoHeader
6-Frame Translation(with Restriction Map)	GCG
Restriction Fragment Sizes	GCG
Sequence Analysis Tools BLASTP BLASTN Design Primers FASTA aa FASTA nt Restriction Fragment Map Restriction Fragment Sizes Six-Frame Translation

Sequence from other databases
Sequence ID	Source
YCR068W	SGD Systematic Sequence
850432	NCBI: Gene ID
NP_009994.2	NCBI: RefSeq protein version ID
NP_009994.2	NCBI: RefSeq protein version ID
10383802	NCBI: NCBI protein GI

Map and Displays [TOP] [NEXT]
Physical, Genetic Maps:	Chromosomal Feature Map	GBrowse	Combined Physical and Genetic Map	Genetic Distance vs. Physical Distance Ratios
Similarity Viewers:	Synteny Viewer	Genomic Stripe View	SAGE Results Map

Localization [TOP] [NEXT]
Localization Resources Organelle DB (UMich) YGAC Triples YeastGFP DB (UCSF) at SGD

Community Annotation [TOP] [NEXT]
No community annotation available.

Literature Guide: papers categorized by topic. [TOP]
Topics	Reference	Other Genes Addressed
34 curated references; 0 references not yet curated
Non-Fungal Related Genes/Proteins Reviews	Kanki T and Klionsky DJ (2010) The molecular mechanism of mitochondria autophagy in yeast. Mol Microbiol	|ATG1 |ATG10 |ATG11 |ATG12 |ATG13 |ATG14 |ATG16 |ATG17 |ATG18 |ATG19 |ATG2 |ATG20 |ATG21 |ATG22 |MORE
Reviews	Manjithaya R, et al. (2010) Molecular mechanism and physiological role of pexophagy. FEBS Lett	|AMS1 |ATG1 |ATG10 |ATG11 |ATG12 |ATG13 |ATG14 |ATG16 |ATG17 |ATG18 |ATG19 |ATG2 |ATG20 |ATG23 |MORE
Mutants/Phenotypes	Bivi N, et al. (2009) Identification of secondary targets of N-containing bisphosphonates in mammalian cells via parallel competition analysis of the barcoded yeast deletion collection. Genome Biol 10(9):R93	|ALF1 |ARF1 |AST1 |ATG14 |ATG4 |DBF4 |ERG20 |MCM5 |MCM6 |MRH1 |PMA1 |PMP1 |RAV1 |SFH1 |MORE
Reviews	Dwivedi M and Ahnn J (2009) Autophagy-Is it a preferred route for lifespan extension? BMB Rep 42(2):62-71	|ATG1 |ATG13 |ATG14 |ATG17 |VPS15 |VPS30 |VPS34
Regulation of Transcription	Eisenberg T, et al. (2009) Induction of autophagy by spermidine promotes longevity. Nat Cell Biol 11(11):1305-14	|AHC1 |ATG11 |ATG7 |ATG8 |ELP3 |GCN5 |HAT1 |HDA1 |HDA2 |HDA3 |HHT1 |HHT2 |HOS1 |HOS2 |MORE
Non-Fungal Related Genes/Proteins	Godefroy N, et al. (2009) Identification of autophagy genes in Ciona intestinalis: A new experimental model to study autophagy mechanism. Autophagy 5(6):805-15	|ATG1 |ATG10 |ATG11 |ATG12 |ATG13 |ATG14 |ATG17 |ATG18 |ATG19 |ATG2 |ATG20 |ATG21 |ATG23 |ATG26 |MORE
Reviews	He C and Klionsky DJ (2009) Regulation Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways of Autophagy. Annu Rev Genet 43():67-93	|ATG1 |ATG10 |ATG11 |ATG12 |ATG13 |ATG14 |ATG16 |ATG17 |ATG18 |ATG19 |ATG2 |ATG20 |ATG21 |ATG22 |MORE
Fungal Related Genes/Proteins	Mukaiyama H, et al. (2009) Autophagy-deficient Schizosaccharomyces pombe mutants undergo partial sporulation during nitrogen starvation. Microbiology 155(Pt 12):3816-26	|ATG1 |ATG12 |ATG13 |ATG17 |ATG2 |ATG22 |ATG3 |ATG4 |ATG5 |ATG7 |ATG8 |ATG9 |AVT3 |AVT5 |MORE
Mutants/Phenotypes Strains/Constructs	Okamoto K, et al. (2009) Mitochondria-anchored receptor Atg32 mediates degradation of mitochondria via selective autophagy. Dev Cell 17(1):87-97	|ATG1 |ATG10 |ATG11 |ATG12 |ATG13 |ATG14 |ATG16 |ATG17 |ATG18 |ATG19 |ATG2 |ATG20 |ATG21 |ATG22 |MORE
Reviews	Pollack JK, et al. (2009) Autophagy in filamentous fungi. Fungal Genet Biol 46(1):1-8	|ATG1 |ATG13 |ATG14 |ATG17 |ATG22 |ATG8 |TOR1 |VPS30 |VPS34
Non-Fungal Related Genes/Proteins	Rigden DJ, et al. (2009) Autophagy in protists: Examples of secondary loss, lineage-specific innovations, and the conundrum of remodeling a single mitochondrion. Autophagy 5(6):784-94	|ATG1 |ATG10 |ATG11 |ATG12 |ATG13 |ATG14 |ATG16 |ATG17 |ATG18 |ATG2 |ATG20 |ATG21 |ATG22 |ATG23 |MORE
Mutants/Phenotypes	Wagner A, et al. (2009) Mobilization of steryl esters from lipid particles of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochim Biophys Acta 1791(2):118-24	|BSC2 |COY1 |CST26 |EHT1 |HFD1 |LDB16 |NUS1 |OSW5 |PET10 |SNA2 |SNX41 |SSO1 |TGL1 |TGL2 |MORE
Transcription	Yasokawa D, et al. (2009) Toxicity of Methanol and Formaldehyde Towards Saccharomyces cerevisiae as Assessed by DNA Microarray Analysis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol	|AAD10 |AAD14 |AAD16 |AAD3 |AAD6 |ADH1 |ADH2 |ADH5 |ADH7 |AGP2 |ALD2 |ALD3 |ALD4 |ALD6 |MORE
Strains/Constructs	Journo D, et al. (2008) Monitoring autophagy in yeast using FM 4-64 fluorescence. Methods Enzymol 451:79-88	|PEP4 |PRB1
Function/Process Genetic Interactions Mutants/Phenotypes Strains/Constructs	Krause SA, et al. (2008) The synthetic genetic network around PKC1 identifies novel modulators and components of protein kinase C signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eukaryot Cell 7(11):1880-7	|ACK1 |API2 |BCK1 |BNI1 |CHL1 |CIK1 |CSF1 |CTF19 |EGD1 |JNM1 |LAS21 |MID1 |MIG1 |OPI3 |MORE
Function/Process Mutants/Phenotypes	Krick R, et al. (2008) Piecemeal microautophagy of the nucleus requires the core macroautophagy genes. Mol Biol Cell 19(10):4492-505	|ATG1 |ATG10 |ATG11 |ATG12 |ATG13 |ATG14 |ATG16 |ATG17 |ATG18 |ATG19 |ATG2 |ATG20 |ATG21 |ATG23 |MORE
Mutants/Phenotypes Strains/Constructs	Tang F, et al. (2008) A life-span extending form of autophagy employs the vacuole-vacuole fusion machinery. Autophagy 4(7):874-86	|ATG1 |ATG10 |ATG11 |ATG17 |ATG22 |ATG7 |ATG8 |AVT3 |AVT4 |ERG2 |ERG28 |ERG5 |ERG6 |GSG1 |MORE
Mutants/Phenotypes Strains/Constructs	Ganguli D, et al. (2007) The Alternative Pathway of Glutathione Degradation Is Mediated by a Novel Protein Complex Involving Three New Genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 175(3):1137-51	|AAP1 |ADE4 |APE2 |APE3 |ATG1 |ATG14 |ATG22 |ATG4 |CPS1 |DAP2 |DUG1 |DUG2 |DUG3 |GFA1 |MORE
Reviews	Klionsky DJ, et al. (2007) Methods for monitoring autophagy from yeast to human. Autophagy 3(3):181-206	|ATG1 |ATG10 |ATG11 |ATG12 |ATG13 |ATG14 |ATG16 |ATG17 |ATG18 |ATG19 |ATG2 |ATG20 |ATG21 |ATG22 |MORE
Evolution Fungal Related Genes/Proteins Non-Fungal Related Genes/Proteins	Meijer WH, et al. (2007) ATG genes involved in non-selective autophagy are conserved from yeast to man, but the selective Cvt and pexophagy pathways also require organism-specific genes. Autophagy 3(2):106-16	|ATG1 |ATG10 |ATG11 |ATG12 |ATG13 |ATG14 |ATG16 |ATG17 |ATG18 |ATG19 |ATG2 |ATG20 |ATG21 |ATG22 |MORE
Reviews	Reggiori F (2006) 1 membrane origin for autophagy. Curr Top Dev Biol 74:1-30	|AMS1 |ATG1 |ATG10 |ATG11 |ATG12 |ATG13 |ATG14 |ATG16 |ATG17 |ATG18 |ATG19 |ATG2 |ATG20 |ATG21 |MORE
Reviews	Klionsky DJ (2005) The molecular machinery of autophagy: unanswered questions. J Cell Sci 118(Pt 1):7-18	|ATG1 |ATG10 |ATG11 |ATG12 |ATG13 |ATG14 |ATG16 |ATG17 |ATG18 |ATG19 |ATG2 |ATG20 |ATG21 |ATG23 |MORE
Reviews	Yorimitsu T and Klionsky DJ (2005) Autophagy: molecular machinery for self-eating. Cell Death Differ 12 Suppl 2():1542-52	|ATG1 |ATG10 |ATG11 |ATG12 |ATG13 |ATG14 |ATG16 |ATG17 |ATG18 |ATG19 |ATG2 |ATG20 |ATG21 |ATG23 |MORE
Alias Function/Process Mutants/Phenotypes	Enyenihi AH and Saunders WS (2003) Large-scale functional genomic analysis of sporulation and meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 163(1):47-54	|ADA2 |ADY2 |AKR1 |APS3 |APT1 |ARC1 |ARG82 |ARO2 |ATF1 |ATG11 |ATG16 |ATG5 |BPH1 |BST1 |MORE
Alias Cellular Location Function/Process Mutants/Phenotypes Protein Processing/Modification/Regulation Protein Sequence Features Strains/Constructs	Epple UD, et al. (2003) Intravacuolar membrane lysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Does vacuolar targeting of Cvt17/Aut5p affect its function? J Biol Chem 278(10):7810-21	|DOA4 |SNA3 |TUL1
Alias Mutants/Phenotypes	Willingham S, et al. (2003) Yeast genes that enhance the toxicity of a mutant huntingtin fragment or alpha-synuclein. Science 302(5651):1769-72	|ABZ2 |AIM46 |ALB1 |APE2 |APJ1 |APM2 |ARL3 |ARO1 |AYR1 |CIT2 |CMK1 |COG6 |COS111 |CPS1 |MORE
Reviews	Abeliovich H and Klionsky DJ (2001) Autophagy in yeast: mechanistic insights and physiological function. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 65(3):463-79, table of contents	|ATG1 |ATG10 |ATG11 |ATG12 |ATG13 |ATG14 |ATG16 |ATG17 |ATG19 |ATG3 |ATG4 |ATG5 |ATG7 |ATG8 |MORE
Alias Cellular Location Function/Process Mutants/Phenotypes Strains/Constructs	Epple UD, et al. (2001) Aut5/Cvt17p, a putative lipase essential for disintegration of autophagic bodies inside the vacuole. J Bacteriol 183(20):5942-55	|FAB1 |PEP4
Function/Process Mutants/Phenotypes Strains/Constructs	Hutchins MU and Klionsky DJ (2001) Vacuolar localization of oligomeric alpha-mannosidase requires the cytoplasm to vacuole targeting and autophagy pathway components in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 276(23):20491-8	|AMS1 |ATG1 |ATG11 |ATG14 |ATG7 |ATG8 |ATG9 |CVT3 |LAP4 |PEP4
Function/Process Fungal Related Genes/Proteins Mutants/Phenotypes Non-Fungal Related Genes/Proteins Protein Sequence Features Strains/Constructs	Teter SA, et al. (2001) Degradation of lipid vesicles in the yeast vacuole requires function of Cvt17, a putative lipase. J Biol Chem 276(3):2083-7
Alias Reviews	Klionsky DJ and Emr SD (2000) Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation. Science 290(5497):1717-21	|ATG1 |ATG10 |ATG11 |ATG12 |ATG13 |ATG14 |ATG16 |ATG17 |ATG4 |ATG5 |ATG7 |ATG8 |ATG9 |PRB1 |MORE
Mutants/Phenotypes	Lang T, et al. (2000) Autophagy and the cvt pathway both depend on AUT9. J Bacteriol 182(8):2125-33	|ATG1 |ATG14 |ATG16 |ATG7 |ATG8 |ATG9 |CVT14 |CVT15 |CVT16 |CVT3 |CVT6 |LAP4 |PEP4 |PRB1 |MORE
Mutants/Phenotypes	Zheng B, et al. (1998) Isolation of yeast mutants defective for localization of vacuolar vital dyes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95(20):11721-6	|ATG1 |ATG11 |ATG14 |ATG16 |ATG7 |ATG8 |ATG9 |CVT3 |FAB1 |SNX4 |SVL10 |SVL11 |SVL12 |SVL3 |MORE
Mutants/Phenotypes Strains/Constructs	Harding TM, et al. (1996) Genetic and phenotypic overlap between autophagy and the cytoplasm to vacuole protein targeting pathway. J Biol Chem 271(30):17621-4	|ATG1 |ATG11 |ATG14 |ATG16 |ATG22 |ATG3 |ATG4 |ATG7 |ATG8 |ATG9 |AUT6 |CVT14 |CVT15 |CVT16 |MORE

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