Abstract: Chromosome segregation is an essential feature of the eukaryotic cell cycle. Efficient chromosome segregation requires the co-ordination of several cellular processes; some of which involve gross rearrangements of the overall structure of the genetic material. Recent advances in the analysis of the role of SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) and in the identification of SUMO-modified targets indicate that sumoylation is likely to have several key roles in regulating chromosome segregation This mini-review summarises the recently published data concerning the role of SUMO in the processes required for efficient chromosome segregation.