CAR2/YLR438W Summary 
CAR2 BASIC INFORMATION
| Standard Name | CAR2 1 |
|---|---|
| Systematic Name | YLR438W |
| Feature Type | ORF, Verified |
| Description | L-ornithine transaminase (OTAse), catalyzes the second step of arginine degradation, expression is dually-regulated by allophanate induction and a specific arginine induction process; not nitrogen catabolite repression sensitive (1, 2, 3 and see Summary Paragraph) Also known as: cargB 1 , 4 
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| Name Description | Catabolism of ARginine |
| GO Annotations | All CAR2 GO evidence and references |
|---|---|
| View Computational GO annotations for CAR2 | |
| Molecular Function | |
| Manually curated | |
| Biological Process | |
| Manually curated | |
| Cellular Component | |
| High-throughput |
| Pathways |
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| Mutant Phenotype | All CAR2 Phenotype details and references |
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| Large-scale survey | |
| null | |
| overexpression |
| Interactions | CAR2 All interactions details and references |
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| 31 total interaction(s) for 29 unique genes/features. | |
| Physical Interactions |
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| Genetic Interactions |
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| External Links | All Associated Seq | E.C. | Entrez Gene | Entrez RefSeq Protein | MIPS | UniProtKB |
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| Primary SGDID | S000004430 |
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CAR2 RESOURCES
| SGD ORF map | GBrowse |
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Click on histogram for expression summary
Expression Summary
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION for CAR2
SUMMARY PARAGRAPH for CAR2
When optimal sources of nitrogen are unavailable, S. cerevisiae is able to utilize arginine as its sole nitrogen source. Arginine catabolism begins in the cytosol with the hydrolysis of arginine by the Car1p arginase (EC 3.5.3.1) to form urea and ornithine (5). Ornithine is then transaminated by the Car2p ornithine amino transferase (EC 2.6.1.13) into L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde (5), which in turn spontaneously forms L-delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (p5c). Subsequently, p5c is converted into proline by the p5c reductase (EC 1.5.1.2) Pro3p (6). In the absence of oxygen arginine degradation does not proceed further and the pathway is as shown here (7). If oxygen is present, proline is converted to glutamate via the proline utilization pathway (shown here) in the mitochondria (8, 9).
CAR2 gene expression is regulated in a manner very similar to that of CAR1. An upstream repression site in the CAR2 promoter is bound by the global repressor Ume6p, which forms a complex with Sin3p and Rpd3p that downregulates CAR2 expression (10). This repression is balanced by binding of the global transcriptional activators Abf1p and Rap1p at an upstream activation site (2). The balance between positive and negative control by these global transcription factors is tipped toward induction when arginine is present and toward repression when it is not. The presence of arginine also induces the binding of the transcriptional activators Arg80p, Arg81p, and Mcm1p (11, 12, 13). The presence of allophanate, a degradation product of urea, increases CAR2 expression through the two positive regulators, Dal81p and Dal82p (2). Unlike many of the genes involved in arginine degradation, CAR2 is not sensitive to nitrogen catabolite repression (2).
S. cerevisiae cells deficient in Car2p are unable to grow on ornithine, and presumably arginine, as their sole nitrogen source (4). In humans, deficiency of the CAR2 homolog, ornithine-delta-aminotransferase, results in the progressive blinding disorder, gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina (OMIM) (14).
Last updated: 2005-09-14
REFERENCES CITED ON THIS PAGE [View Complete Literature Guide for CAR2]
| 1) | Deschamps J and Wiame JM (1979) Mating-type effect on cis mutations leading to constitutivity of ornithine transaminase in diploid cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 92(3):749-58 |
| 2) | Park HD, et al. (1999) Synergistic operation of the CAR2 (Ornithine transaminase) promoter elements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 181(22):7052-64 |
| 3) | Degols G (1987) Functional analysis of the regulatory region adjacent to the cargB gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleotide sequence, gene fusion experiments and cis-dominant regulatory mutation analysis. Eur J Biochem 169(1):193-200 |
| 4) | Dubois E, et al. (1978) Specific induction of catabolism and its relation to repression of biosynthesis in arginine metabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Mol Biol 122(4):383-406 |
| 5) | MIDDELHOVEN WJ (1964) THE PATHWAY OF ARGININE BREAKDOWN IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. Biochim Biophys Acta 93:650-2 |
| 6) | Brandriss MC and Falvey DA (1992) Proline biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: analysis of the PRO3 gene, which encodes delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. J Bacteriol 174(11):3782-8 |
| 7) | Martin O, et al. (2003) Improved anaerobic use of arginine by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 69(3):1623-8 |
| 8) | Brandriss MC and Magasanik B (1980) Proline: an essential intermediate in arginine degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 143(3):1403-10 |
| 9) | Brandriss MC and Magasanik B (1979) Genetics and physiology of proline utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: enzyme induction by proline. J Bacteriol 140(2):498-503 |
| 10) | Messenguy F, et al. (2000) In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, expression of arginine catabolic genes CAR1 and CAR2 in response to exogenous nitrogen availability is mediated by the Ume6 (CargRI)-Sin3 (CargRII)-Rpd3 (CargRIII) complex. J Bacteriol 182(11):3158-64 |
| 11) | Messenguy F, et al. (1991) Determination of the DNA-binding sequences of ARGR proteins to arginine anabolic and catabolic promoters. Mol Cell Biol 11(5):2852-63 |
| 12) | Dubois E, et al. (2000) Inositol polyphosphate kinase activity of Arg82/ArgRIII is not required for the regulation of the arginine metabolism in yeast. FEBS Lett 486(3):300-4 |
| 13) | Messenguy F and Dubois E (1993) Genetic evidence for a role for MCM1 in the regulation of arginine metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 13(4):2586-92 |
| 14) | Mitchell GA, et al. (1988) An initiator codon mutation in ornithine-delta-aminotransferase causing gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina. J Clin Invest 81(2):630-3 |
