DUR1,2/YBR208C Summary

Standard Name	DUR1,2 1
Systematic Name	YBR208C
Alias	DUR80
Feature Type	ORF, Verified
Description	Urea amidolyase; contains both urea carboxylase and allophanate hydrolase activities, degrades urea to CO2 and NH3; expression sensitive to nitrogen catabolite repression and induced by allophanate, an intermediate in allantoin degradation; protein abundance increases in response to DNA replication stress (1, 2, 3, 4 and see Summary Paragraph)
Name Description	Degradation of URea 1

Chromosomal Location	ChrII:642210 to 636703 \| ORF Map \| GBrowse
	Note: this feature is encoded on the Crick strand.

	Genetic position: 112 cM

Gene Ontology Annotations All DUR1,2 GO evidence and references

	View Computational GO annotations for DUR1,2
Molecular Function
Manually curated	allophanate hydrolase activity (IMP) urea carboxylase activity (IMP)
Biological Process
Manually curated	allantoin catabolic process (TAS) urea catabolic process (IMP)
Cellular Component
High-throughput	cytoplasm (IDA)

Pathways	allantoin degradation

Mutant phenotypes All DUR1,2 Phenotype evidence and references

Classical genetics
unspecified	utilization of nitrogen source: absent
Large-scale survey
null	anaerobic growth: decreased ornithine accumulation: increased competitive fitness: increased filamentous growth: increased haploinsufficient heat sensitivity: increased viable
Resources	PROPHECY \| SCMD \| ScreenTroll \| Yeast Fitness Database

interactions All DUR1,2 Interaction evidence and references

	21 total interaction(s) for 18 unique genes/features.
Physical Interactions	Affinity Capture-MS: 13
Genetic Interactions	Negative Genetic: 6 Positive Genetic: 2
Resources	BioGRID \| BOND \| BioPIXIE \| CYC2008 (complexes) \| Complexome \| DIP \| DRYGIN \| GeneMANIA \| InterologFinder

Expression Summary


Resources	Expression Summary \| Cell cycle and metabolic oscillation \| Cell cycle transcript profile \| Cyclebase \| Genevestigator \| GermOnline \| SPELL \| YMGV \| YeastFunc

Protein Information All DUR1,2 Protein evidence and references

Localization	YeastRC \| Organelle DB (UMich) \| YPL+ \| YeastGFP
Phosphorylation	PhosphoGRID \| PhosphoPep Database
Structure	GPMDB \| SCOP \| YeastRC
Homologs	Ashbya (AGD) \| AspGD Homologs \| CGD Homologs \| CandidaDB Homologs \| Fungal Orthogroups Repository \| P-POD \| PDB Homologs \| PhylomeDB \| YGOB \| YOGY

sequence information

ChrII:642210 to 636703 | |

Note: this feature is encoded on the Crick strand.

: 112 cM

Last Update

Coordinates: 2011-02-03 | Sequence: 1997-01-28

Subfeature details

	Relative Coordinates	Chromosomal Coordinates	Most Recent Updates
	Relative Coordinates	Chromosomal Coordinates	Coordinates	Sequence
CDS	1..5508	642210..636703	2011-02-03	1997-01-28

Retrieve sequences

Analyze Sequence

S288C only	BLASTP \| ATCC/WashU Clones \| BLASTN \| Design Primers \| Restriction Fragment Map \| Restriction Fragment Sizes \| Six-Frame Translation
S288C vs. other species	Fungal Alignment \| BLASTN vs. fungi \| BLASTP at NCBI \| BLASTP vs. fungi \| Synteny Viewer
S288C vs. other strains	Strain Alignment

Resources

External Links	All Associated Seq \| E.C. \| Entrez Gene \| Entrez RefSeq Protein \| MIPS \| Search all NCBI (Entrez) \| UniProtKB

Primary SGDID	S000000412

SUMMARY PARAGRAPH for DUR1,2

About allantoin degradation

The allantoin degradation pathway, which converts allantoin to ammonia and carbon dioxide, allows S. cerevisiae to use allantoin as a sole nitrogen source. Conversion of allantoin to ammonia is carried out by the DAL1, DAL2, and DAL3 gene products, which work sequentially to generate urea (5). Urea is then degraded to ammonia in a two-step process by the DUR1,2 protein, a multifunctional single enzyme originally thought to be encoded by two tightly-linked genes (hence the name DUR1,2) (1). The allantoin catabolic pathway genes are regulated by a general signal that responds to the availability of readily utilizable nitrogen sources, and also by pathway-specific induction by allantoin or the intermediate allophanate. These regulatory effects are mediated by cis-acting DNA elements and the trans-acting factors Gln3p, Gat1p, Dal80p, Dal81p, and Dal82p (6, 7, 8, 9).

Last updated: 2007-10-03

References cited on this page View Complete Literature Guide for DUR1,2

1)	Cooper TG, et al. (1980) Structural analysis of the dur loci in S. cerevisiae: two domains of a single multifunctional gene. Genetics 94(3):555-80
2)	van Vuuren HJ, et al. (1991) Upstream induction sequence, the cis-acting element required for response to the allantoin pathway inducer and enhancement of operation of the nitrogen-regulated upstream activation sequence in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 173(22):7186-95
3)	Cox KH, et al. (2000) Saccharomyces cerevisiae GATA sequences function as TATA elements during nitrogen catabolite repression and when Gln3p is excluded from the nucleus by overproduction of Ure2p. J Biol Chem 275(23):17611-8
4)	Tkach JM, et al. (2012) Dissecting DNA damage response pathways by analysing protein localization and abundance changes during DNA replication stress. Nat Cell Biol 14(9):966-76
5)	Yoo HS, et al. (1985) Identification of the ureidoglycolate hydrolase gene in the DAL gene cluster of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 5(9):2279-88
6)	Rai R, et al. (1999) Overlapping positive and negative GATA factor binding sites mediate inducible DAL7 gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 274(39):28026-34
7)	Magasanik B and Kaiser CA (2002) Nitrogen regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gene 290(1-2):1-18
8)	Scott S, et al. (2000) Functional domain mapping and subcellular distribution of Dal82p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 275(10):7198-204
9)	Talibi D, et al. (1995) Cis- and trans-acting elements determining induction of the genes of the gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) utilization pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic Acids Res 23(4):550-7