This page displays GO annotations in different sections according to the annotation method used to add that annotation to SGD.

Last Reviewed on: 2004-08-13    Molecular Function | Biological Process | Cellular Component

Manually curated Molecular Function
Annotation(s)	Evidence	Reference(s)	Assigned By
AMP-activated protein kinase activity	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2007-03-09 IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay Assigned on 2002-12-02	McCartney RR and Schmidt MC  (2001) Regulation of Snf1 kinase. Activation requires phosphorylation of threonine 210 by an upstream kinase as well as a distinct step mediated by the Snf4 subunit. J Biol Chem 276(39):36460-6	SGD
	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2007-03-08 IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay Assigned on 2007-03-08	Celenza JL and Carlson M  (1989) Mutational analysis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae SNF1 protein kinase and evidence for functional interaction with the SNF4 protein. Mol Cell Biol 9(11):5034-44	SGD
	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2007-03-09 IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay Assigned on 2007-03-09	Woods A, et al.  (1994) Yeast SNF1 is functionally related to mammalian AMP-activated protein kinase and regulates acetyl-CoA carboxylase in vivo. J Biol Chem 269(30):19509-15	SGD

Manually curated Biological Process
Annotation(s)	Evidence	Reference(s)	Assigned By
biofilm formation	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2006-06-28	Kuchin S, et al.  (2002) Snf1 protein kinase and the repressors Nrg1 and Nrg2 regulate FLO11, haploid invasive growth, and diploid pseudohyphal differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 22(12):3994-4000	SGD
cell adhesion	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2003-03-13	Vyas VK, et al.  (2003) Snf1 kinases with different beta-subunit isoforms play distinct roles in regulating haploid invasive growth. Mol Cell Biol 23(4):1341-8	SGD
cellular response to nitrogen starvation	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay Assigned on 2002-08-15	Kuchin S, et al.  (2002) Snf1 protein kinase and the repressors Nrg1 and Nrg2 regulate FLO11, haploid invasive growth, and diploid pseudohyphal differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 22(12):3994-4000	SGD
invasive growth in response to glucose limitation	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2006-06-28	Vyas VK, et al.  (2003) Snf1 kinases with different beta-subunit isoforms play distinct roles in regulating haploid invasive growth. Mol Cell Biol 23(4):1341-8	SGD
	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2007-03-09	Cullen PJ and Sprague GF Jr  (2000) Glucose depletion causes haploid invasive growth in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97(25):13619-24	SGD
negative regulation of translation	IGI: Inferred from Genetic Interaction with SGD:GCN2, SGD:GCN20, SGD:GCN4 Assigned on 2008-12-02 IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2008-12-02	Shirra MK, et al.  (2008) A Chemical Genomics Study Identifies Snf1 as a Repressor of GCN4 Translation. J Biol Chem 283(51):35889-98	SGD
positive regulation of filamentous growth of a population of unicellular organisms in response to starvation	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2013-01-11	Karunanithi S and Cullen PJ  (2012) The filamentous growth MAPK Pathway Responds to Glucose Starvation Through the Mig1/2 transcriptional repressors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 192(3):869-87	SGD
positive regulation of gluconeogenesis	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2007-03-12	Rahner A, et al.  (1996) Dual influence of the yeast Cat1p (Snf1p) protein kinase on carbon source-dependent transcriptional activation of gluconeogenic genes by the regulatory gene CAT8. Nucleic Acids Res 24(12):2331-7	SGD
	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2007-03-12	Lesage P, et al.  (1996) Yeast SNF1 protein kinase interacts with SIP4, a C6 zinc cluster transcriptional activator: a new role for SNF1 in the glucose response. Mol Cell Biol 16(5):1921-8	SGD
	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2007-03-12	Randez-Gil F, et al.  (1997) Glucose derepression of gluconeogenic enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae correlates with phosphorylation of the gene activator Cat8p. Mol Cell Biol 17(5):2502-10	SGD
protein phosphorylation	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay Assigned on 2002-12-02	McCartney RR and Schmidt MC  (2001) Regulation of Snf1 kinase. Activation requires phosphorylation of threonine 210 by an upstream kinase as well as a distinct step mediated by the Snf4 subunit. J Biol Chem 276(39):36460-6	SGD
pseudohyphal growth	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2006-06-28	Kuchin S, et al.  (2002) Snf1 protein kinase and the repressors Nrg1 and Nrg2 regulate FLO11, haploid invasive growth, and diploid pseudohyphal differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 22(12):3994-4000	SGD
regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process	IGI: Inferred from Genetic Interaction Assigned on 2003-04-02 TAS: Traceable Author Statement Assigned on 2003-04-02 IPI: Inferred from Physical Interaction Assigned on 2003-04-02	Young ET, et al.  (2002) Snf1 protein kinase regulates Adr1 binding to chromatin but not transcription activation. J Biol Chem 277(41):38095-103	SGD
replicative cell aging	IGI: Inferred from Genetic Interaction with SGD:SIP1 Assigned on 2007-03-09 IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2007-03-09	Ashrafi K, et al.  (2000) Sip2p and its partner snf1p kinase affect aging in S. cerevisiae. Genes Dev 14(15):1872-85	SGD
signal transduction	TAS: Traceable Author Statement Assigned on 2002-12-02	Carlson M  (1999) Glucose repression in yeast. Curr Opin Microbiol 2(2):202-7	SGD

Manually curated Cellular Component
Annotation(s)	Evidence	Reference(s)	Assigned By
AMP-activated protein kinase complex	IPI: Inferred from Physical Interaction with SGD:SIP1, SGD:GAL83, SGD:SIP2, SGD:SNF4 Assigned on 2007-03-09	Jiang R and Carlson M  (1997) The Snf1 protein kinase and its activating subunit, Snf4, interact with distinct domains of the Sip1/Sip2/Gal83 component in the kinase complex. Mol Cell Biol 17(4):2099-106	SGD
	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay Assigned on 2007-03-12	Nath N, et al.  (2002) Purification and characterization of Snf1 kinase complexes containing a defined Beta subunit composition. J Biol Chem 277(52):50403-8	SGD
	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay Assigned on 2007-03-08 IPI: Inferred from Physical Interaction with SGD:SNF4 Assigned on 2007-03-08	Celenza JL, et al.  (1989) Molecular analysis of the SNF4 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: evidence for physical association of the SNF4 protein with the SNF1 protein kinase. Mol Cell Biol 9(11):5045-54	SGD
cytoplasm	IPI: Inferred from Physical Interaction Assigned on 2002-12-02	Vincent O, et al.  (2001) Subcellular localization of the Snf1 kinase is regulated by specific beta subunits and a novel glucose signaling mechanism. Genes Dev 15(9):1104-14	SGD
	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay Assigned on 2007-02-09	Sarma NJ, et al.  (2007) Glucose-responsive regulators of gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae function at the nuclear periphery via a reverse recruitment mechanism. Genetics 175(3):1127-35	SGD
fungal-type vacuole	IPI: Inferred from Physical Interaction Assigned on 2002-12-02	Vincent O, et al.  (2001) Subcellular localization of the Snf1 kinase is regulated by specific beta subunits and a novel glucose signaling mechanism. Genes Dev 15(9):1104-14	SGD
nuclear envelope lumen	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay Assigned on 2007-02-09	Sarma NJ, et al.  (2007) Glucose-responsive regulators of gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae function at the nuclear periphery via a reverse recruitment mechanism. Genetics 175(3):1127-35	SGD
nucleus	IPI: Inferred from Physical Interaction Assigned on 2002-12-02	Vincent O, et al.  (2001) Subcellular localization of the Snf1 kinase is regulated by specific beta subunits and a novel glucose signaling mechanism. Genes Dev 15(9):1104-14	SGD
	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay Assigned on 2007-02-09	Sarma NJ, et al.  (2007) Glucose-responsive regulators of gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae function at the nuclear periphery via a reverse recruitment mechanism. Genetics 175(3):1127-35	SGD

* Manually curated GO annotations reflect our best understanding of the basic molecular function, biological process, and cellular component for this gene product. Manually curated annotations are assigned by SGD curators based on published papers when available, or by curatorial statements if necessary. Curators periodically review all Manually curated GO annotations for accuracy and completeness. The "Last Reviewed on:" date at the top of this section indicates when these annotations were last reviewed.

Molecular Function | Biological Process | Cellular Component

High-throughput Molecular Function
Annotation(s)	Evidence	Reference(s)	Assigned By
protein kinase activity	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay Assigned on 2012-05-04	Ptacek J, et al.  (2005) Global analysis of protein phosphorylation in yeast. Nature 438(7068):679-84	SGD

High-throughput Biological Process
Annotation(s)	Evidence	Reference(s)	Assigned By
protein phosphorylation	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay Assigned on 2012-05-04	Ptacek J, et al.  (2005) Global analysis of protein phosphorylation in yeast. Nature 438(7068):679-84	SGD

High-throughput Cellular Component
Annotation(s)	Evidence	Reference(s)	Assigned By
mitochondrion	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay Assigned on 2006-12-12	Reinders J, et al.  (2006) Toward the complete yeast mitochondrial proteome: multidimensional separation techniques for mitochondrial proteomics. J Proteome Res 5(7):1543-54	SGD
	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay Assigned on 2004-08-13	Sickmann A, et al.  (2003) The proteome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100(23):13207-12	SGD

** GO annotations from High-throughput experiments are made based on a variety of large scale high-throughput experiments, including genome-wide experiments. Many of these annotations are made based on GO annotations (or mappings to GO annotations) assigned by the authors, rather than SGD curators. While SGD curators read these publications and often work closely with authors to incorporate the information, each individual annotation may not necessarily be reviewed by a curator. GO Annotations from high-throughput experiments will be assigned only when this type of data is available, and thus may not be assigned in all three aspects of the Gene Ontologies.

Molecular Function | Biological Process | Cellular Component

Computational Molecular Function
Annotation(s)	Evidence	Reference(s)	Assigned By
ATP binding	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:IPR017441, EBI:IPR000719, EBI:IPR002290 Last updated 2013-03-02	DDB, et al.  (2001) Gene Ontology annotation through association of InterPro records with GO terms.	InterPro
	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:KW-0067 Last updated 2013-03-02	UniProt-GOA  (2011) Gene Ontology annotation based on manual assignment of UniProtKB keywords in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries.	UniProtKB
kinase activity	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:KW-0418 Last updated 2013-03-02	UniProt-GOA  (2011) Gene Ontology annotation based on manual assignment of UniProtKB keywords in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries.	UniProtKB
nucleotide binding	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:KW-0547 Last updated 2013-03-02	UniProt-GOA  (2011) Gene Ontology annotation based on manual assignment of UniProtKB keywords in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries.	UniProtKB
protein kinase activity	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:IPR000719, EBI:IPR002290 Last updated 2013-03-02	DDB, et al.  (2001) Gene Ontology annotation through association of InterPro records with GO terms.	InterPro
protein serine/threonine kinase activity	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:IPR013896, EBI:IPR008271 Last updated 2013-03-02	DDB, et al.  (2001) Gene Ontology annotation through association of InterPro records with GO terms.	InterPro
	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:KW-0723 Last updated 2013-03-02	UniProt-GOA  (2011) Gene Ontology annotation based on manual assignment of UniProtKB keywords in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries.	UniProtKB
transferase activity	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:KW-0808 Last updated 2013-03-02	UniProt-GOA  (2011) Gene Ontology annotation based on manual assignment of UniProtKB keywords in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries.	UniProtKB
transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:IPR011009 Last updated 2013-03-02	DDB, et al.  (2001) Gene Ontology annotation through association of InterPro records with GO terms.	InterPro

Computational Biological Process
Annotation(s)	Evidence	Reference(s)	Assigned By
carbohydrate metabolic process	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:KW-0119 Last updated 2013-03-02	UniProt-GOA  (2011) Gene Ontology annotation based on manual assignment of UniProtKB keywords in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries.	UniProtKB
phosphorylation	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:KW-0418 Last updated 2013-03-02	UniProt-GOA  (2011) Gene Ontology annotation based on manual assignment of UniProtKB keywords in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries.	UniProtKB
protein phosphorylation	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:IPR000719, EBI:IPR002290, EBI:IPR008271 Last updated 2013-03-02	DDB, et al.  (2001) Gene Ontology annotation through association of InterPro records with GO terms.	InterPro

Computational Cellular Component
Annotation(s)	Evidence	Reference(s)	Assigned By
membrane	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:KW-0472 Last updated 2013-03-02	UniProt-GOA  (2011) Gene Ontology annotation based on manual assignment of UniProtKB keywords in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries.	UniProtKB
nuclear membrane	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:SL-0182 Last updated 2013-03-02	UniProt-GOA  (2011) Gene Ontology annotation based on the manual assignment of UniProtKB Subcellular Location terms in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries.	UniProtKB
nucleus	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:KW-0539 Last updated 2013-03-02	UniProt-GOA  (2011) Gene Ontology annotation based on manual assignment of UniProtKB keywords in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries.	UniProtKB

*** Computational GO Annotations are predictions. These annotations are NOT reviewed by a curator. Currently, all computational GO annotations for S. cerevisiae are assigned by an external source (for example, the Gene Ontology Annotation (GOA) project of the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI)).