This page displays GO annotations in different sections according to the annotation method used to add that annotation to SGD.

Last Reviewed on: 2004-08-13    Molecular Function | Biological Process | Cellular Component

Manually curated Molecular Function
Annotation(s)	Evidence	Reference(s)	Assigned By
GTPase activity	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay Assigned on 2007-12-03	Peeters T, et al.  (2006) Kelch-repeat proteins interacting with the Galpha protein Gpa2 bypass adenylate cyclase for direct regulation of protein kinase A in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(35):13034-9	SGD
	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2007-12-03	Lorenz MC and Heitman J  (1997) Yeast pseudohyphal growth is regulated by GPA2, a G protein alpha homolog. EMBO J 16(23):7008-18	SGD

Manually curated Biological Process
Annotation(s)	Evidence	Reference(s)	Assigned By
adenylate cyclase-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway	IPI: Inferred from Physical Interaction with SGD:CYR1 Assigned on 2007-12-04	Peeters T, et al.  (2006) Kelch-repeat proteins interacting with the Galpha protein Gpa2 bypass adenylate cyclase for direct regulation of protein kinase A in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(35):13034-9	SGD
	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2007-12-04	Colombo S, et al.  (1998) Involvement of distinct G-proteins, Gpa2 and Ras, in glucose- and intracellular acidification-induced cAMP signalling in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J 17(12):3326-41	SGD
ascospore formation	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2001-01-18	Donzeau M and Bandlow W  (1999) The yeast trimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein alpha subunit, Gpa2p, controls the meiosis-specific kinase Ime2p activity in response to nutrients. Mol Cell Biol 19(9):6110-9	SGD
glucose mediated signaling pathway	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2007-12-03	Colombo S, et al.  (1998) Involvement of distinct G-proteins, Gpa2 and Ras, in glucose- and intracellular acidification-induced cAMP signalling in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J 17(12):3326-41	SGD
	IGI: Inferred from Genetic Interaction with SGD:RAS2 Assigned on 2007-11-30 IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2007-11-30	Nakafuku M, et al.  (1988) Isolation of a second yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene (GPA2) coding for guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein: studies on its structure and possible functions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85(5):1374-8	SGD
	IGI: Inferred from Genetic Interaction with SGD:GPR1 Assigned on 2007-12-03	Kraakman L, et al.  (1999) A Saccharomyces cerevisiae G-protein coupled receptor, Gpr1, is specifically required for glucose activation of the cAMP pathway during the transition to growth on glucose. Mol Microbiol 32(5):1002-12	SGD
hexose mediated signaling	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2007-11-30	Lorenz MC, et al.  (2000) The G protein-coupled receptor gpr1 is a nutrient sensor that regulates pseudohyphal differentiation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 154(2):609-22	SGD
pseudohyphal growth	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2007-12-03	Lorenz MC and Heitman J  (1997) Yeast pseudohyphal growth is regulated by GPA2, a G protein alpha homolog. EMBO J 16(23):7008-18	SGD
	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2007-11-30	Lorenz MC, et al.  (2000) The G protein-coupled receptor gpr1 is a nutrient sensor that regulates pseudohyphal differentiation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 154(2):609-22	SGD
	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2001-01-18	Donzeau M and Bandlow W  (1999) The yeast trimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein alpha subunit, Gpa2p, controls the meiosis-specific kinase Ime2p activity in response to nutrients. Mol Cell Biol 19(9):6110-9	SGD
replicative cell aging	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2005-03-14	Kaeberlein M, et al.  (2005) Genes determining yeast replicative life span in a long-lived genetic background. Mech Ageing Dev 126(4):491-504	SGD
signal transduction	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2001-01-18	Donzeau M and Bandlow W  (1999) The yeast trimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein alpha subunit, Gpa2p, controls the meiosis-specific kinase Ime2p activity in response to nutrients. Mol Cell Biol 19(9):6110-9	SGD

Manually curated Cellular Component
Annotation(s)	Evidence	Reference(s)	Assigned By
plasma membrane	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay Assigned on 2005-07-25	Harashima T and Heitman J  (2005) Galpha subunit Gpa2 recruits kelch repeat subunits that inhibit receptor-G protein coupling during cAMP-induced dimorphic transitions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell 16(10):4557-71	SGD

* Manually curated GO annotations reflect our best understanding of the basic molecular function, biological process, and cellular component for this gene product. Manually curated annotations are assigned by SGD curators based on published papers when available, or by curatorial statements if necessary. Curators periodically review all Manually curated GO annotations for accuracy and completeness. The "Last Reviewed on:" date at the top of this section indicates when these annotations were last reviewed.

Biological Process | Cellular Component

High-throughput Biological Process
Annotation(s)	Evidence	Reference(s)	Assigned By
regulation of cell size	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype Assigned on 2006-07-14	Jorgensen P, et al.  (2002) Systematic identification of pathways that couple cell growth and division in yeast. Science 297(5580):395-400	SGD

High-throughput Cellular Component
Annotation(s)	Evidence	Reference(s)	Assigned By
mitochondrion	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay Assigned on 2006-12-12	Reinders J, et al.  (2006) Toward the complete yeast mitochondrial proteome: multidimensional separation techniques for mitochondrial proteomics. J Proteome Res 5(7):1543-54	SGD
	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay Assigned on 2004-08-13	Sickmann A, et al.  (2003) The proteome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100(23):13207-12	SGD
plasma membrane	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay Assigned on 2009-04-29	Delom F, et al.  (2006) The plasma membrane proteome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its response to the antifungal calcofluor. Proteomics 6(10):3029-39	SGD

** GO annotations from High-throughput experiments are made based on a variety of large scale high-throughput experiments, including genome-wide experiments. Many of these annotations are made based on GO annotations (or mappings to GO annotations) assigned by the authors, rather than SGD curators. While SGD curators read these publications and often work closely with authors to incorporate the information, each individual annotation may not necessarily be reviewed by a curator. GO Annotations from high-throughput experiments will be assigned only when this type of data is available, and thus may not be assigned in all three aspects of the Gene Ontologies.

Molecular Function | Biological Process | Cellular Component

Computational Molecular Function
Annotation(s)	Evidence	Reference(s)	Assigned By
G-protein beta/gamma-subunit complex binding	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:IPR001019, EBI:IPR002975 Last updated 2013-03-02	DDB, et al.  (2001) Gene Ontology annotation through association of InterPro records with GO terms.	InterPro
	IBA: Inferred from Biological Aspect of Ancestor with PANTHER:PTHR10218_AN0 Last updated 2011-10-06	Gaudet P, et al.  (2011) Annotation inferences using phylogenetic trees.	RefGenome
G-protein coupled receptor binding	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:IPR002975 Last updated 2013-03-02	DDB, et al.  (2001) Gene Ontology annotation through association of InterPro records with GO terms.	InterPro
	IBA: Inferred from Biological Aspect of Ancestor with PANTHER:PTHR10218_AN0 Last updated 2011-10-06	Gaudet P, et al.  (2011) Annotation inferences using phylogenetic trees.	RefGenome
GTP binding	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:IPR002975 Last updated 2013-03-02	DDB, et al.  (2001) Gene Ontology annotation through association of InterPro records with GO terms.	InterPro
	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:KW-0342 Last updated 2013-03-02	UniProt-GOA  (2011) Gene Ontology annotation based on manual assignment of UniProtKB keywords in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries.	UniProtKB
GTPase activity	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:IPR001019, EBI:IPR002975 Last updated 2013-03-02	DDB, et al.  (2001) Gene Ontology annotation through association of InterPro records with GO terms.	InterPro
guanyl nucleotide binding	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:IPR001019 Last updated 2013-03-02	DDB, et al.  (2001) Gene Ontology annotation through association of InterPro records with GO terms.	InterPro
metal ion binding	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:KW-0479 Last updated 2013-03-02	UniProt-GOA  (2011) Gene Ontology annotation based on manual assignment of UniProtKB keywords in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries.	UniProtKB
nucleotide binding	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:KW-0547 Last updated 2013-03-02	UniProt-GOA  (2011) Gene Ontology annotation based on manual assignment of UniProtKB keywords in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries.	UniProtKB
signal transducer activity	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:IPR001019, EBI:IPR011025, EBI:IPR002975 Last updated 2013-03-02	DDB, et al.  (2001) Gene Ontology annotation through association of InterPro records with GO terms.	InterPro
	IBA: Inferred from Biological Aspect of Ancestor with PANTHER:PTHR10218_AN0 Last updated 2011-10-06	Gaudet P, et al.  (2011) Annotation inferences using phylogenetic trees.	RefGenome
	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:KW-0807 Last updated 2013-03-02	UniProt-GOA  (2011) Gene Ontology annotation based on manual assignment of UniProtKB keywords in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries.	UniProtKB

Computational Biological Process
Annotation(s)	Evidence	Reference(s)	Assigned By
adenylate cyclase-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:IPR002975 Last updated 2013-03-02	DDB, et al.  (2001) Gene Ontology annotation through association of InterPro records with GO terms.	InterPro
G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:IPR001019, EBI:IPR002975 Last updated 2013-03-02	DDB, et al.  (2001) Gene Ontology annotation through association of InterPro records with GO terms.	InterPro
GTP catabolic process	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:IPR002975 Last updated 2013-03-02	DDB, et al.  (2001) Gene Ontology annotation through association of InterPro records with GO terms.	InterPro
signal transduction	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:IPR011025 Last updated 2013-03-02	DDB, et al.  (2001) Gene Ontology annotation through association of InterPro records with GO terms.	InterPro
	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:KW-0807 Last updated 2013-03-02	UniProt-GOA  (2011) Gene Ontology annotation based on manual assignment of UniProtKB keywords in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries.	UniProtKB

Computational Cellular Component
Annotation(s)	Evidence	Reference(s)	Assigned By
cell cortex	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:SL-0138 Last updated 2013-03-02	UniProt-GOA  (2011) Gene Ontology annotation based on the manual assignment of UniProtKB Subcellular Location terms in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries.	UniProtKB
cytoplasm	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation with EBI:KW-0963 Last updated 2013-03-02	UniProt-GOA  (2011) Gene Ontology annotation based on manual assignment of UniProtKB keywords in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries.	UniProtKB
extrinsic to internal side of plasma membrane	IBA: Inferred from Biological Aspect of Ancestor with PANTHER:PTHR10218_AN0 Last updated 2011-10-06	Gaudet P, et al.  (2011) Annotation inferences using phylogenetic trees.	RefGenome
heterotrimeric G-protein complex	IBA: Inferred from Biological Aspect of Ancestor with PANTHER:PTHR10218_AN0 Last updated 2011-10-06	Gaudet P, et al.  (2011) Annotation inferences using phylogenetic trees.	RefGenome

*** Computational GO Annotations are predictions. These annotations are NOT reviewed by a curator. Currently, all computational GO annotations for S. cerevisiae are assigned by an external source (for example, the Gene Ontology Annotation (GOA) project of the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI)).